Esimemezelweni esithe xaxa kusihlwa ngo-Okthoba 3, 2023, umklomelo kaNobel ku-physics wonyaka ka-2023 wembuliwe, uqaphela iminikelo evelele yososayensi abathathu abaye badlale izindima ze-Pivotal ama-laser technond.

Igama elithi "i-atosecond laser" lithola igama layo lisuka ku-timescale emfushane kakhulu lisebenza kulo, ikakhulukazi ngokulandelana kwama-atoseconds, ahambelana nemizuzwana eyi-10 ^ -18. Ukuze uqonde ukubaluleka okukhulu kwalobu buchwepheshe, ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kwalokho okuvumelanayo i-atosecond kufanekisa. I-atosecond imele njengeyunithi lesikhathi esiningi, yakha inkuluzi-ke kwezigidigidi zezinkulungwane zezigidi zomzuzwana ngaphakathi komongo obanzi wesekhondi elilodwa. Ukubeka lokhu kubona, ukube besizofaniswa nokwesibili nentaba ende, i-atosecond yayizofanela okusanhlamvu okukodwa kwesihlabathi esisesisekelweni sentaba. Kulesi sikhathi sokuphumula sesikhashana, ngisho nokukhanya kungancipha ibanga elilingana nosayizi we-athomu ngalinye. Ngokusetshenziswa kwama-attosecond lasers, ososayensi bathola amandla angakaze abonwe ama-elektroni angenazinhlaka ze-athomu, encazelweni yokulandelana okuhamba kancane kwe-atomic, ngaleyo ndlela bazibeka ekuxhumekeni kwabo.

Ama-Atosecond LasersMela isiphetho socwaningo olunqwabile nemizamo ekhonsathiso yososayensi, abaye babopha imigomo ye-Nonlinear Optics eya e-Craft Lasers. Ukufika kwabo kusinikeze indawo ephakeme yokubukwa nokuhlola izinqubo ezinamandla okuguqulwa ngaphakathi kwama-athomu, ama-molecule, kanye nama-elektrons ezintweni eziqinile.

Ukucacisa ubunjalo be-atosecond ama-atosecond ama-lasers futhi uyazise izimfanelo zabo ezingejwayelekile uma kuqhathaniswa nama-lasers ajwayelekile, kubalulekile ukuhlola ukuhlukaniswa kwabo ngaphakathi "komndeni we-laser." Ukuhlukaniswa nguWavelength kubeka ama-leser we-atosecond ngokuningiliselwa ku-ultraviolet kuma-aventncies athambile we-X-ray, kukhombisa ama-wavelength afushane abonakele ngokuhlukile ngokuhlukile kuma-lasers ajwayelekile. Ngokuya ngezindlela ezikhiphayo, ama-atosecond lasers awela ngaphansi kwesigaba sama-lasers e-pulsed, abonakala ngezikhathi zawo ezifushane ze-pulse. Ukudweba isifaniso sokucaciswa, umuntu angavimba ama-lasers aqhubekayo aqhamuka ku-flashlight ekhipha ugongolo oluqhubekayo lokukhanya, ngenkathi ama-lasers agcwele afana nokukhanya kwe-strobe, okushintsha ngokushesha phakathi kwezikhathi zobumnyama. Empeleni, ama-atosecond lasers abonisa isimilo sokuhlekisa ngaphakathi kokukhanya nobumnyama, nokho ukuguqulwa kwabo phakathi kwalezi zinto ezimbili kudlulela ngokuzakusasa, kufinyelela endaweni yama-atosectonds.

Ukuhlukaniswa okwengeziwe ngamandla abeka ama-lasers abe ngamandla aphansi, aphakathi nendawo, kanye namabakaki aphezulu aphezulu. Ama-Atosecond Lasers afinyelela amandla aphezulu aphezulu ngenxa yezikhathi zabo ezimfushane kakhulu, okuholela ekuphakameni okuphezulu kwe-Peak (P) - kuchazwe njengokuqina kwamandla ngesikhathi ngeyunithi ngayinye yesikhathi (p = w / t). Yize i-atosecond persosecond ama-loser pulses kungenzeka angabi namandla amakhulu (W), amazinga abo wesikhashana (t) awabaphanyeka ngamandla aphezulu.

Ngokuya kwesizinda sohlelo lokusebenza, ama-Lasers span a accyrum ehlanganisa izimboni, ezokwelashwa, kanye nesayensi. Ama-atosecond ama-lasers ngokuyinhloko athola i-niche yawo ngaphakathi kombuso wesayensi, ikakhulukazi ekuhlolweni kwezimo ezivela ngokushesha ngaphakathi kwezizinda ze-physics kanye namakhemikhali, enikeza iwindi ezinhlanganweni ezishukumisayo ze-microcosmic emhlabeni jikelele.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezigaba nge-Laser Medium Delineases ama-lasers njenge-lasers yegesi, ama-lasers aqinile wombuso, ama-laserser aketshezi, kanye nama-temonductor laser. Isizukulwane sama-lasers we-atosecond ngokuvamile singena ku-Gas Laser Media, capitaling on nonlinear optical imiphumela yokufaka i-harmonics ephezulu.

E-Summent, ama-atosecond lasers akha isigaba esiyingqayizivele sama-lasers amafushane, ahlukaniswe ngezikhathi zawo ezimfushane ezifushane ngokweqile, ngokuvamile zilinganiswe kuma-atoseconds. Ngenxa yalokhu, baye baba ngamathuluzi asemqoka ekubukeni nasekulawuleni izinqubo ezinamandla ze-ultrafast zama-athomu ngaphakathi kwama-athomu, ama-molecule, nezinto zokwakha eziqinile.

Inqubo ebabazekayo yesizukulwane se-atosecond laser

I-Atosecond Laser Technology imi ukusuka phambili kokusha kwesayensi, ukuziqhayisa ngezimo ezinzima ezinzima zesizukulwane sazo. Ukucacisa izinkampani ze-atosecond ze-laser Generation, siqala ngokuchazwa okufushane kwezimiso zaso eziyisisekelo, ezilandelwa yizingathekiso ezicacile ezisuselwa kokuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke. Abafundi abangavikelwe kuzinhlobo ze-grifics ezifanele akudingeki baphelelwe yithemba, njengoba izingathekiso ezilandelayo zihlose ukuhumusha i-physics esesisekelo yama-atosecond ama-lasers atholakalayo.

Inqubo yesizukulwane sama-atosecond ama-lasers ngokuyinhloko athembele kwinqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi yisizukulwane esiphakeme se-harmonic (HHG). Okokuqala, ugongolo oluphezulu lwe-femtosecond (10 ^ -15 imizuzwana) ama-laser pulses agxile kakhulu ezintweni eziqondiwe ze-gaseous. Kuhle ukuqaphela ukuthi ama-lasers we-femtosecond, akin to atosecond lasers, abelane ngezimpawu zokuba nezikhathi ezimfushane zokushaya ngamandla kanye namandla aphezulu aphezulu. Ngaphansi kwethonya lenkambu ye-laser enkulu, ama-elektroni ngaphakathi kwama-athomu kagesi akhululwa okwesikhashana kusuka ku-athomu ye-athomu, ngokungena ezweni lama-elektroni amahhala. Njengoba la magesi oscillate ngokuphendula insimu ye-laser, ekugcineni babuyela emuva futhi babuya ne-athomu ye-athomu yabo yabazali, edala amazwe amasha aphezulu anamandla.

Ngale nqubo, ama-elektroni ahamba nge-velocities ephezulu kakhulu, futhi lapho abuyiselwa kabusha nge-atomic nuclei, akhipha amandla angeziwe ngendlela yokukhishwa okuphezulu kwe-hamonic, abonakalise njengamandla aphezulu.

Ama-frequency alezi zithombe ezisanda kukhiqizwa amandla akhiqizwayo eziphindaphindile ze-laser fredway ye-laser, zakha okubizwa nge-harmonics ephezulu, lapho "i-harmonics" isho amaza ahlukahlukene ajwayelekile wemvamisa. Ukuthola ama-atosecond lasers, kuyadingeka ukuhlunga nokugxila kuleli harmonics e-high-oda, ukhetha i-harmonics ethile futhi uwagxile endaweni efanelekile. Uma ufuna, amasu wokucindezela kwe-purse compry angase futhi anciphise isikhathi sokushaya ngamandla, anikeze ama-pulses amafushane we-Ultra-amafushane kububanzi be-atosecond. Ngokusobala, isizukulwane sama-atosecond ama-lasers sakha inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi enezinto eziningi, sifuna izinga eliphezulu leminyaka yobuchwepheshe nemishini ekhethekile.

Ukuze sinciphise le nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, sinikeza ngokufana okufana ngokufana ezinhlelweni zansuku zonke:

I-High-Insity Femtosecond Laser Pulses:

Bheka ukuthi une-catapult enamandla enamandla akwazi ukujikisa amatshe ngesivinini esikhulu, e-akinki endimeni edlalwa yi-High-Insity Femtosecond Laser Pulses.

Izinto eziqondiwe ze-Gaseous:

Mbone ngeso lengqondo umzimba wamanzi afanekisela impahla yethagethi ye-gaseous, lapho amaconsi ngayinye amanzi amele ama-athomu ama-athomu amimand. Isenzo sokugqugquzela amatshe kulo mzimba wamanzi ngobuhlakani bethola umthelela we-High-Insity Femtosecond Laser Pulses ezintweni ezihlosiwe ze-gaseous.

Ukunyakaza kwe-elektroni kanye nokubuyiselwa kabusha (ukuguqulwa okuthiwa ngumoyeni):

Lapho i-femtosecond laser pulses ifaka ama-athomu kagesi ngaphakathi kwe-gaseorget okuqondiwe, inani elikhulu lama-elekthronithi angaphandle lijabule okwesikhashana isimo lapho behlangana khona ne-plasma efana ne-plasma. Njengoba amandla ohleli ancipha kamuva (ngoba ama-laser pulses adonsela ngokwemvelo, anezikhathi ezithile zokuncipha), la ma-elektroni angaphandle abuyela endaweni yawo e-athomu nuclei, ededela ama-photon aphezulu.

Isizukulwane esiphakeme se-Harmonic:

Cabanga isikhathi ngasinye lapho i-Droplet yamanzi iwela emuva echibini lechibi, kwakha ama-ripples, kufana nokuvumelanisa okuphezulu kuma-lasers we-atosecond. Lezi zimbambo zinamafrikhwensi aphezulu kanye nama-amplitude anezimbambo zangempela ezibangelwa yi-permosecond laser pulse. Ngesikhathi senqubo ye-HHG, ugongolo olunamandla lwe-laser, olufana nokuqhubeka nokuphonsa amatshe, kukhanyisela ithagethi kagesi, lifana neLake. Le nkambu ye-laser ebanzi ithela ama-elektroni egesi egesi, analojious kuya kuma-athomu anabazali awo abese ebadonsela emuva. Njalo lapho i-elektroni ibuyela e-athomu, ikhipha ugongolo olusha lwe-laser olunemvamisa eliphakeme, elifana namaphethini ayinkimbinkimbi ahlukahlukene.

Ukuhlunga nokugxila:

Ukuhlanganisa yonke le mishayo yaseLaser esanda kufakwa kuthela i-spectrum yemibala ehlukahlukene (imvamisa noma ama-wavelength), ezinye zakha i-atosecond laser. Ukuze uhlukanise ngosayizi othize we-ripple kanye namafrikhthi, ungaqasha isihlungi esikhethekile, ukunquma izimbangi ezifiselekayo, bese usebenzisa ingilazi ekhulisayo ukuze ugxile endaweni ethile.

Ukucindezela kwe-Pulse (uma kunesidingo):

Uma uhlose ukusabalalisa ama-ripples ngokushesha futhi amafushane, ungasheshisa ukusakazwa kwawo usebenzisa idivaysi ekhethekile, ukunciphisa isikhathi i-ripple eyedlule. Isizukulwane sama-atosecond lasers kubandakanya ukuxhumeka okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinqubo. Kodwa-ke, lapho kwehla futhi kuboniswe ngeso lengqondo, kuba khona ngokwengeziwe.