Isimiso esiyisisekelo sokusebenza se-laser (i-Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) sisekelwe esimweni sokukhishwa kokukhanya okukhuthazwayo. Ngochungechunge lwemiklamo nezakhiwo eziqondile, ama-laser akhiqiza imisebe enokuhambisana okuphezulu, i-monochromaticity, nokukhanya. Ama-laser asetshenziswa kabanzi kwezobuchwepheshe besimanje, kufaka phakathi emikhakheni efana nokuxhumana, ezokwelapha, ekukhiqizeni, ekulinganiseni, kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi. Ukusebenza kahle kwawo okuphezulu kanye nezici zokulawula eziqondile kuzenza zibe yingxenye eyinhloko yobuchwepheshe obuningi. Ngezansi incazelo eningiliziwe yezimiso zokusebenza zama-laser kanye nezindlela zezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-laser.
1. Ukukhishwa Okushukunyiswayo
Ukukhishwa okushukunyisiweyisimiso esiyisisekelo ngemuva kokukhiqizwa kwe-laser, esahlongozwa okokuqala ngu-Einstein ngo-1917. Lesi simo sichaza ukuthi ama-photon ahambisanayo akhiqizwa kanjani ngokusebenzisana phakathi kokukhanya kanye ne-excited-state matter. Ukuze siqonde kangcono ukukhishwa okushukunyisiwe, ake siqale ngokukhishwa okuzenzakalelayo:
Ukukhishwa Okungahleliwe: Kuma-athomu, ama-molecule, noma ezinye izinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu, ama-electron angamunca amandla angaphandle (njengamandla kagesi noma optical) futhi ashintshele ezingeni eliphezulu lamandla, elaziwa ngokuthi isimo esijabulisayo. Kodwa-ke, ama-electron e-excited-state awazinzile futhi ekugcineni azobuyela ezingeni eliphansi lamandla, elaziwa ngokuthi isimo somhlaba, ngemva kwesikhathi esifushane. Phakathi nale nqubo, i-electron ikhipha i-photon, okuyi-sponsive emission. Ama-photon anjalo awahleliwe ngokwemvamisa, isigaba, kanye nesiqondiso, ngakho-ke awanakho ukuhambisana.
Ukukhishwa Okushukunyisiwe: Isihluthulelo sokukhishwa okuvuselelwe ukuthi lapho i-electron yesimo esijabulisayo ihlangana ne-photon enamandla afana namandla ayo okuguquka, i-photon ingashukumisela i-electron ukuthi ibuyele esimweni somhlaba ngenkathi ikhipha i-photon entsha. I-photon entsha ifana neyokuqala ngokwemvamisa, isigaba, kanye nesiqondiso sokusabalala, okuholela ekukhanyeni okuqondile. Lesi simo sandisa kakhulu inani namandla ama-photon futhi siyindlela eyinhloko yama-laser.
Umphumela Wempendulo Emihle Wokukhishwa Okushukunyisiwe: Ekwakhiweni kwama-laser, inqubo yokukhishwa okukhuthaziwe iphindaphindwa izikhathi eziningi, futhi lo mphumela omuhle wempendulo ungandisa inani lama-photon ngokuphawulekayo. Ngosizo lwesikhala esizwakalayo, ukuhambisana kwama-photon kuyagcinwa, futhi amandla okukhanya ayanda njalo.
2. Inzuzo Ephakathi
Iinzuzo ephakathiiyinto eyinhloko ku-laser enquma ukukhuliswa kwama-photon kanye nokukhishwa kwe-laser. Iyisisekelo esibonakalayo sokukhishwa okukhuthazwayo, futhi izakhiwo zayo zinquma imvamisa, ubude be-wavelength, kanye namandla okukhipha kwe-laser. Uhlobo kanye nezici ze-gain medium zithinta ngqo ukusetshenziswa kanye nokusebenza kwe-laser.
Indlela Yokuvusa Imizwa: Ama-electron asendaweni yokuzuza kudingeka ashukunyiswe afinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu lamandla ngumthombo wamandla wangaphandle. Le nqubo ivame ukufezwa izinhlelo zokuphakelwa kwamandla zangaphandle. Izindlela ezivamile zokuvuselela zifaka:
Ukupompa kukagesi: Ukuvusa ama-electron endaweni yokuzuza ngokusebenzisa ugesi.
Ukupompa Okubonakalayo: Ukuvusa i-medium ngomthombo wokukhanya (njengesibani se-flash noma enye i-laser).
Uhlelo Lwamazinga AmandlaAma-electron asendaweni yokuzuza ngokuvamile asatshalaliswa emazingeni athile wamandla. Avame kakhulu yilawaizinhlelo ezinamazinga amabilifuthiizinhlelo ezinezinga ezine. Esimisweni esilula esinamazinga amabili, ama-electron ashintsha esuka esimweni somhlaba aye esimweni sokujabula bese ebuyela esimweni somhlaba ngokukhishwa okushukunyisiwe. Esimisweni esinamazinga amane, ama-electron adlula ezinguqukweni eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene wamandla, okuvame ukuholela ekusebenzeni kahle okuphezulu.
Izinhlobo ze-Gain Media:
Ukuthola Igesi OkuphakathiIsibonelo, ama-laser e-helium-neon (He-Ne). Imidiya yokuthola igesi yaziwa ngokukhipha kwayo okuzinzile kanye nobude be-wavelength obungaguquki, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi njengemithombo yokukhanya ejwayelekile emalabhorethri.
Ukuthola Uketshezi OkuphakathiIsibonelo, ama-laser edayi. Ama-molecule edayi anezakhiwo ezinhle zokuvusa amaza ahlukahlukene, okwenza abe afaneleke kakhulu kuma-laser alungisekayo.
Inzuzo Eqinile Ephakathi: Isibonelo, ama-laser e-Nd (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet). Lawa ma-laser asebenza kahle kakhulu futhi anamandla, futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi ekusikeni kwezimboni, ekushiseni, nasezisetshenzisweni zezokwelapha.
Inzuzo Ye-semiconductor MediumIsibonelo, izinto ze-gallium arsenide (GaAs) zisetshenziswa kabanzi ekuxhumaneni kanye nakumadivayisi e-optoelectronic njenge-laser diodes.
3. Umgodi we-Resonator
Iumgodi we-resonatoriyisakhi sesakhiwo ku-laser esetshenziselwa impendulo nokukhulisa. Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuthuthukisa inani lama-photon akhiqizwa ngokukhishwa okukhuthazwayo ngokuwabonakalisa nokuwakhulisa ngaphakathi kwesikhala, ngaleyo ndlela kukhiqize umphumela we-laser oqinile nogxile.
Isakhiwo se-Resonator Cavity: Ngokuvamile inezibuko ezimbili ezihambisanayo. Esinye isibuko esibonakalisa ngokugcwele, esaziwa ngokuthiisibuko sangemuva, kanti enye iyisibuko esibonakalisa kancane, esaziwa ngokuthiisibuko sokukhiphaAma-photon abonakala emuva naphambili ngaphakathi kwesikhala futhi akhuliswa ngokusebenzisana ne-gain medium.
Isimo Sokuzwakala Komsindo: Umklamo we-resonator cavity kumele uhlangabezane nezimo ezithile, njengokuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-photon akha amaza ami ngaphakathi kwe-cavity. Lokhu kudinga ukuthi ubude be-cavity bube yi-multiple of the wavelength ye-laser. Amaza okukhanya kuphela ahlangabezana nalezi zimo angakhuliswa ngempumelelo ngaphakathi kwe-cavity.
Ukukhanya Kokuphuma: Isibuko esikhanyayo kancane sivumela ingxenye yomsebe wokukhanya okhulisiwe ukuthi idlule, yakha umsebe wokukhipha we-laser. Lo msebe unesiqondiso esiphakeme, ukuhambisana, kanye ne-monochromaticity.
Uma ufuna ukufunda kabanzi noma unentshisekelo kuma-laser, sicela ukhululeke ukuxhumana nathi:
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