Inhliziyo Yama-Laser E-Semiconductor: Ukuqonda i-PN Junction

Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe be-optoelectronic, ama-laser e-semiconductor athole ukusetshenziswa okubanzi emikhakheni efana nokuxhumana, imishini yezokwelapha, ukulinganisa i-laser, ukucubungula izimboni, kanye ne-electronics yabathengi. Ingqikithi yalobu buchwepheshe i-PN junction, edlala indima ebalulekile—hhayi nje kuphela njengomthombo wokukhishwa kokukhanya kodwa futhi njengesisekelo sokusebenza kwedivayisi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza umbono ocacile nofingqiwe wesakhiwo, izimiso, kanye nemisebenzi eyinhloko ye-PN junction kuma-laser e-semiconductor.

1. Iyini i-PN Junction?

I-PN junction iyi-interface eyakhiwe phakathi kwe-P-type semiconductor kanye ne-N-type semiconductor:

I-semiconductor yohlobo lwe-P ixutshwe nokungcola kokwamukela, njenge-boron (B), okwenza imigodi ibe yizithwali zokushaja eziningi.

I-semiconductor yohlobo lwe-N igcwele ukungcola kwabanikeli, njenge-phosphorus (P), okwenza ama-electron abe ngabathwali abaningi.

Uma izinto zohlobo lwe-P kanye nohlobo lwe-N zixhunyaniswa, ama-electron avela esifundeni se-N ayasakazeka aye esifundeni se-P, kanti izimbobo ezivela esifundeni se-P ziyasakazeka ziye esifundeni se-N. Lokhu kusakazeka kudala indawo yokuphelelwa amandla lapho ama-electron kanye nezimbobo zihlangana khona, kushiye ama-ion ashajekile adala insimu kagesi yangaphakathi, eyaziwa ngokuthi isithiyo esingaba khona esakhelwe ngaphakathi.

2. Indima Ye-PN Junction Kuma-Laser

(1) Umjovo Wesithwali

Uma i-laser isebenza, i-PN junction ibheke phambili: isifunda se-P sixhunywe ku-voltage enhle, kanye nesifunda se-N ku-voltage engemihle. Lokhu kukhansela insimu kagesi yangaphakathi, okuvumela ama-electron nezimbobo ukuthi zifakwe esifundeni esisebenzayo lapho kuhlangana khona, lapho kungenzeka khona ukuthi ziphinde zihlangane.

(2) Ukukhishwa Kokukhanya: Umsuka Wokukhishwa Okushukunyiswayo

Esifundeni esisebenzayo, ama-electron ajoviwe kanye nemigodi kuhlangana kabusha futhi kukhulule ama-photon. Ekuqaleni, le nqubo iwukukhishwa okuzenzakalelayo, kodwa njengoba ubuningi be-photon bukhula, ama-photon angakhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa okwengeziwe kwama-electron nemigodi, akhulule ama-photon engeziwe anesigaba, isiqondiso, kanye namandla afanayo—lokhu kuwukukhishwa okukhuthazayo.

Le nqubo yakha isisekelo se-laser (i-Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation).

(3) Imigodi Yokuthola Nokucwebezela Evela Ku-Laser Output

Ukuze kukhuliswe ukukhishwa okukhuthazwayo, ama-laser e-semiconductor afaka imigodi ekhanyayo ezinhlangothini zombili ze-PN junction. Kuma-laser akhipha umkhawulo, isibonelo, lokhu kungafezwa kusetshenziswa ama-Distributed Bragg Reflectors (DBRs) noma izembozo zesibuko ukuze kuboniswe ukukhanya emuva naphambili. Lokhu kusetha kuvumela ukuthi ubude bamaza athile okukhanya bukhuliswe, ekugcineni kuholele ekuphumeni kwe-laser okuqondile kakhulu nokuqondile.

3. Izakhiwo ze-PN Junction kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Komklamo

Kuye ngohlobo lwe-laser ye-semiconductor, isakhiwo se-PN singahluka:

I-Single Heterojunction (SH):
Isifunda se-P, isifunda se-N, kanye nesifunda esisebenzayo zenziwe ngezinto ezifanayo. Isifunda sokuhlanganiswa kabusha sibanzi futhi asisebenzi kahle.

I-Heterojunction Ephindwe Kabili (DH):
Isendlalelo esisebenzayo se-bandgap esincane sibekwe phakathi kwezifunda ze-P- kanye ne-N. Lokhu kuvimbela kokubili abathwali kanye nama-photon, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle.

Isakhiwo Somthombo We-Quantum:
Isebenzisa ungqimba olusebenzayo oluncane kakhulu ukudala imiphumela yokuvalelwa kwe-quantum, ithuthukisa izici zomkhawulo kanye nesivinini sokuguquguquka.

Lezi zakhiwo zonke zenzelwe ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle komjovo wokuthwala, ukuhlanganiswa kabusha, kanye nokukhishwa kokukhanya esifundeni se-PN junction.

4. Isiphetho

I-PN junction ngempela "iyinhliziyo" ye-semiconductor laser. Amandla ayo okufaka abathwali ngaphansi kwe-forward bias iyisisusa esiyisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwe-laser. Kusukela ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo kanye nokukhethwa kwezinto kuya ekulawulweni kwe-photon, ukusebenza kwedivayisi yonke ye-laser kuzungeza ukwenza ngcono i-PN junction.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-optoelectronic buqhubeka nokuthuthuka, ukuqonda okujulile kwe-PN junction physics akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-laser kodwa futhi kubeka isisekelo esiqinile sokuthuthukiswa kwesizukulwane esilandelayo sama-laser e-semiconductor anamandla aphezulu, asheshayo, nashibhile.