Izindaba - Isimiso Esiyisisekelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kohlelo lwe-TOF (Isikhathi Sokuhamba Ngendiza)

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Lolu chungechunge luhlose ukunikeza abafundi ukuqonda okujulile nokuqhubekayo kohlelo lwe-Time of Flight (TOF). Okuqukethwe kuhlanganisa ukubuka konke okuphelele kwezinhlelo ze-TOF, okuhlanganisa nezincazelo ezinemininingwane ze-TOF engaqondile (iTOF) kanye ne-TOF eqondile (dTOF). Lezi zigaba zigxila kumapharamitha esistimu, izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kwawo, kanye nama-algorithms ahlukahlukene. Lesi sihloko siphinde sihlole izingxenye ezahlukene zezinhlelo ze-TOF, njenge-Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs), amalensi okudlulisa kanye nokwamukela, izinzwa zokwamukela ezifana ne-CIS, i-APD, i-SPAD, i-SiPM, kanye namasekethe omshayeli afana nama-ASIC.

Isingeniso ku-TOF (Isikhathi Sokuhamba Ngendiza)

Izimiso Eziyisisekelo

I-TOF, emele i-Time of Flight, iyindlela esetshenziswa ukukala ibanga ngokubala isikhathi esithathwa ukukhanya ukuhamba ibanga elithile endaweni yokuxhumana. Lesi simiso sisetshenziswa kakhulu ezimweni ze-TOF ezibonakalayo futhi silula kakhulu. Inqubo ihilela umthombo wokukhanya okhipha umsebe wokukhanya, isikhathi sokukhishwa siqoshwe phansi. Lokhu kukhanya bese kuboniswa kusuka endaweni eqondiwe, kuthathwe ngumuntu okwamukelayo, bese isikhathi sokwamukelwa siphawulwa. Umehluko kulezi zikhathi, obizwa ngokuthi i-t, unquma ibanga (d = isivinini sokukhanya (c) × t / 2).

Izinhlobo Zezinzwa ze-ToF

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zezinzwa ze-ToF: i-optical kanye ne-electromagnetic. Izinzwa ze-Optical ToF, ezivame kakhulu, zisebenzisa ama-pulse okukhanya, ngokuvamile kububanzi be-infrared, ukuze kulinganiswe ibanga. Lawa ma-pulse akhishwa ku-sensor, abonise into, bese ebuyela ku-sensor, lapho isikhathi sokuhamba silinganiswa khona futhi sisetshenziswa ukubala ibanga. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinzwa ze-electromagnetic ToF zisebenzisa amagagasi kagesi, njenge-radar noma i-lidar, ukuze zilinganise ibanga. Zisebenza ngesimiso esifanayo kodwa zisebenzisa indlela ehlukileukulinganisa ibanga.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinzwa ze-ToF

Izinzwa ze-ToF ziyasebenziseka futhi zihlanganiswe emikhakheni ehlukahlukene:

Amarobhothi:Isetshenziselwa ukuthola izithiyo kanye nokuzulazula. Isibonelo, amarobhothi afana neRoomba kanye neBoston Dynamics' Atlas asebenzisa amakhamera okujula kwe-ToF ukuze adwebe izindawo ezizungezile futhi ahlele ukunyakaza.

Izinhlelo Zokuphepha:Izinzwa zokunyakaza ezivamile zokuthola abangeneleli, ukuqalisa ama-alamu, noma ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zekhamera.

Imboni Yezimoto:Ifakwe ezinhlelweni zokusiza abashayeli zokulawula ukuhamba ngesikebhe okuguquguqukayo kanye nokugwema ukushayisana, okuya ngokuya kwanda ezinhlotsheni ezintsha zezimoto.

Insimu Yezokwelapha: Isetshenziswa ekufomeni nasekuxilongeni okungangenisi umthelela, njenge-optical coherence tomography (OCT), ikhiqiza izithombe zezicubu ezinesinqumo esiphezulu.

Ama-elekthronikhi Abathengi: Kuhlanganiswe kuma-smartphone, amaphilisi, nama-laptop ukuze kutholakale izici ezifana nokubona ubuso, ukuqinisekiswa kwe-biometric, kanye nokubona ukuthinta.

Ama-drone:Isetshenziselwa ukuzulazula, ukugwema ukushayisana, kanye nokubhekana nezinkinga zobumfihlo kanye nezindiza

Ukwakhiwa Kwesistimu ye-TOF

Uhlelo olujwayelekile lwe-TOF luqukethe izingxenye eziningana ezibalulekile zokufeza ukukalwa kwebanga njengoba kuchaziwe:

· Umthumeli (Tx):Lokhu kufaka phakathi umthombo wokukhanya we-laser, ikakhulukaziI-VCSEL, isekethe yomshayeli i-ASIC yokushayela i-laser, kanye nezingxenye ezibonakalayo zokulawula imisebe njengamalensi e-collimating noma izinto ezibonakalayo ezihlukanisayo, kanye nezihlungi.
· Umamukeli (Rx):Lokhu kuqukethe amalensi nezihlungi ekugcineni kokwamukela, izinzwa ezifana ne-CIS, i-SPAD, noma i-SiPM kuye ngohlelo lwe-TOF, kanye ne-Image Signal Processor (ISP) yokucubungula idatha eningi evela ku-chip yokwamukela.
·Ukuphathwa Kwamandla:Ukuphatha okuzinzileUkulawulwa kwamanje kwama-VCSEL kanye ne-voltage ephezulu yama-SPAD kubalulekile, kudinga ukuphathwa kwamandla okuqinile.
· Isendlalelo Sesofthiwe:Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-firmware, i-SDK, i-OS, kanye nesendlalelo sohlelo lokusebenza.

Ukwakheka kubonisa indlela umsebe we-laser, ovela ku-VCSEL futhi oguqulwe yizingxenye ze-optical, ohamba ngayo esikhaleni, ukhanye entweni, bese ubuyela kumukeli. Ukubalwa kokudlula kwesikhathi kule nqubo kwembula ulwazi lwebanga noma ukujula. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwakheka akumbozi izindlela zomsindo, njengomsindo obangelwa ukukhanya kwelanga noma umsindo wezindlela eziningi ovela ekukhanyeni, okuzoxoxwa ngawo kamuva ochungechungeni.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlelo ze-TOF

Izinhlelo ze-TOF zihlukaniswa ngokuyinhloko ngamasu azo okulinganisa ibanga: i-TOF eqondile (dTOF) kanye ne-TOF engaqondile (iTOF), ngayinye inezindlela ezihlukile zehadiwe kanye ne-algorithmic. Uchungechunge luqala ngokuchaza izimiso zazo ngaphambi kokuhlola ukuhlaziywa okuqhathanisayo kwezinzuzo zazo, izinselele, kanye namapharamitha esistimu.

Naphezu kwesimiso esibonakala silula se-TOF - ukukhipha i-pulse yokukhanya nokuthola ukubuya kwayo ukuze kubalwe ibanga - ubunzima busekuhlukaniseni ukukhanya okubuyayo ekukhanyeni okuzungezile. Lokhu kuxazululwa ngokukhipha ukukhanya okukhanya ngokwanele ukuze kufinyelelwe isilinganiso esiphezulu sesignali-kuya-kumsindo nokukhetha ubude besikhathi obufanele ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphazamiseka kokukhanya kwemvelo. Enye indlela ukufaka ikhodi yokukhanya okukhishwe ukuze kuhlukaniswe lapho kubuyiselwa, njengezibonakaliso ze-SOS ezinethoshi.

Lolu chungechunge luqhubeka nokuqhathanisa i-dTOF ne-iTOF, luxoxa ngomehluko wazo, izinzuzo, kanye nezinselele ngokuningiliziwe, futhi luqhubeka nokuhlukanisa izinhlelo ze-TOF ngokusekelwe ebunzimeni bolwazi ezilunikezayo, kusukela ku-1D TOF kuya ku-3D TOF.

i-dTOF

I-Direct TOF ilinganisa ngqo isikhathi sokundiza kwe-photon. Ingxenye yayo eyinhloko, i-Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD), inozwela ngokwanele ukuthola ama-photon angawodwa. I-dTOF isebenzisa i-Time Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) ukukala isikhathi sokufika kwe-photon, yakha i-histogram ukuthola ibanga elingenzeka kakhulu ngokusekelwe emvamisa ephezulu kakhulu yomehluko wesikhathi esithile.

iTOF

I-TOF engaqondile ibala isikhathi sokundiza ngokusekelwe kumehluko wesigaba phakathi kwama-waveform akhishwayo natholiwe, ngokuvamile isebenzisa amasignali okuguquguquka kwamagagasi aqhubekayo noma ama-pulse. I-iTOF ingasebenzisa izakhiwo zenzwa yesithombe ezijwayelekile, ilinganisa ubukhali bokukhanya ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

I-iTOF ihlukaniswe futhi nge-continuous wave modulation (CW-iTOF) kanye ne-pulse modulation (Pulsed-iTOF). I-CW-iTOF ilinganisa i-phase shift phakathi kwamagagasi e-sinusoidal akhishwayo natholiwe, kuyilapho i-Pulsed-iTOF ibala i-phase shift isebenzisa izimpawu zamagagasi ayisikwele.

Ukufunda Okuqhubekayo:

I-Wikipedia. (nd). Isikhathi sokundiza. Kuthathwe ku-https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_of_flight
Iqembu Lezixazululo Ze-Sony Semiconductor. (nd). ToF (Isikhathi Sokuhamba Ngendiza) | Ubuchwepheshe Obuvamile Bezinzwa Zezithombe. Kuthathwe kuhttps://www.sony-semicon.com/en/technologies/tof
I-Microsoft. (2021, 4 Nhlolanja). Isingeniso se-Microsoft Time Of Flight (ToF) - Ipulatifomu Yokujula kwe-Azure. Kuthathwe ku-https://devblogs.microsoft.com/azure-depth-platform/intro-to-microsoft-time-of-flight-tof
I-ESCATEC. (2023, Mashi 2). Izinzwa Zesikhathi Sokundiza (TOF): Ukubuka Okujulile kanye Nezinhlelo Zokusebenza. Kuthathwe kuhttps://www.escatec.com/news/time-of-flight-tof-sensors-an-in-depth-overview-and-applications

Kusuka ekhasini lewebhuhttps://faster-than-light.net/TOFSystem_C1/

ngumbhali: uChao Guang

Isixwayiso:

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