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Ezweni elisheshayo lokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe, ukusetshenziswa kwama-laser kukhule kakhulu, kwaguqula izimboni ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana nokusika nge-laser, ukushisela, ukumaka, kanye nokubopha. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwanda kwembule igebe elikhulu ekuqwashiseni ngokuphepha kanye nokuqeqeshwa phakathi konjiniyela kanye nabasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe, okuveza abasebenzi abaningi abaphambili emisebeni ye-laser ngaphandle kokuqonda izingozi ezingaba khona. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukukhanyisa ukubaluleka kokuqeqeshwa ngokuphepha kwe-laser, imiphumela yezinto eziphilayo yokuchayeka nge-laser, kanye nezinyathelo zokuvikela eziphelele zokuvikela labo abasebenza ngobuchwepheshe be-laser noma eduze kwabo.
Isidingo Esibalulekile Sokuqeqeshwa Kokuphepha Kwe-Laser
Ukuqeqeshwa kokuphepha nge-laser kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphepheni kokusebenza kanye nokusebenza kahle kokushisela nge-laser kanye nezinhlelo ezifanayo. Ukukhanya okunamandla kakhulu, ukushisa, kanye namagesi angaba yingozi akhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza nge-laser kubeka impilo engozini kubasebenzi. Ukuqeqeshwa kokuphepha kufundisa onjiniyela nabasebenzi ngokusetshenziswa okufanele kwemishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu (i-PPE), njengezibuko zokuzivikela kanye nezihlangu zobuso, kanye namasu okugwema ukuvezwa kwe-laser ngqo noma ngokungaqondile, ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa okusebenzayo kwamehlo nesikhumba sabo.
Ukuqonda Izingozi Zama-Laser
Imiphumela Yebhayoloji Yama-Laser
Ama-laser angabangela umonakalo omkhulu wesikhumba, okudinga ukuvikelwa kwesikhumba. Kodwa-ke, ukukhathazeka okuyinhloko kusekulimaleni kwamehlo. Ukuchayeka nge-laser kungaholela emiphumeleni yokushisa, i-acoustic, kanye ne-photochemical:
Ukushisa:Ukukhiqizwa nokushisa kungabangela ukusha esikhumbeni nasemahlweni.
I-Acoustic: Amaza okwethuka okwenziwa ngomshini angaholela ekushiseni kwendawo kanye nokulimala kwezicubu.
Amakhemikhali ezithombe: Amaza athile okukhanya angabangela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, okungase kubangele ama-cataract, ukusha kwe-cornea noma i-retinal, futhi kwandise ingozi yomdlavuza wesikhumba.
Imiphumela yesikhumba ingasukela ebubomvu obuncane kanye nobuhlungu kuya ekushiseni kwezinga lesithathu, kuye ngesigaba se-laser, ubude be-pulse, izinga lokuphindaphinda, kanye nobude be-wavelength.
| Ibanga Lobude Begagasi | Umphumela we-pathological |
| 180-315nm (UV-B, UV-C) | I-Photokeratitis ifana nokushiswa yilanga, kodwa kwenzeka enkomeni yeso. |
| 315-400nm(UV-A) | I-cataract ye-photochemical (ukufiphala kwelensi yeso) |
| 400-780nm (Kuyabonakala) | Umonakalo we-photochemical ku-retina, owaziwa nangokuthi ukusha kwe-retinal, kwenzeka lapho i-retina ilimala ngenxa yokuchayeka ekukhanyeni. |
| 780-1400nm (Eduze kwe-IR) | I-Cataract, ukusha kwe-retinal |
| 1.4-3.0μm(IR) | Ukuvutha kwamanzi (iphrotheni enhlanhleni yamanzi), i-cataract, ukusha kwe-cornea Ukugqagqana kwamanzi kwenzeka lapho kuvela khona iphrotheni enhlanhleni yamanzi yeso. I-cataract iwukufiphala kwelensi yeso, kanti ukusha kwe-cornea kuwumonakalo ku-cornea, ubuso bangaphambili beso. |
| 3.0μm-1mm | Ukusha kwe-Comeal |
Ukulimala kwamehlo, okubaluleke kakhulu, kuyahlukahluka ngokuya ngobukhulu be-pupil, umbala, ubude be-pulse, kanye nobude be-wavelength. Ama-wavelength ahlukene angena ezingqimbeni ezahlukene zamehlo, okubangela umonakalo ku-cornea, ilensi, noma i-retina. Amandla okugxilisa amehlo akhulisa kakhulu ubuningi bamandla ku-retina, okwenza ukuvezwa komthamo ophansi kwanele ukubangela umonakalo omkhulu we-retina, okuholela ekunciphiseni kokubona noma ubumpumputhe.
Izingozi Zesikhumba
Ukuchayeka esikhumbeni nge-laser kungabangela ukusha, ukuqubuka, amabhamuza, kanye nokushintsha kombala, okungase kubhubhise izicubu ezingaphansi kwesikhumba. Amaza ahlukahlukene angena ekujuleni okuhlukahlukene kwezicubu zesikhumba.
Izinga Lokuphepha Le-Laser
GB72471.1-2001
I-GB7247.1-2001, enesihloko esithi "Ukuphepha kwemikhiqizo ye-laser--Ingxenye 1: Ukuhlukaniswa kwemishini, izidingo, kanye nomhlahlandlela womsebenzisi," ibeka imithethonqubo yokuhlukaniswa kokuphepha, izidingo, kanye nesiqondiso sabasebenzisi maqondana nemikhiqizo ye-laser. Le nqubo yaqala ukusebenza ngoMeyi 1, 2002, ihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kuzo zonke imikhakha lapho kusetshenziswa khona imikhiqizo ye-laser, njengasezimbonini, kwezentengiselwano, kwezokuzijabulisa, ocwaningweni, kwezemfundo, kanye nezicelo zezokwelapha. Kodwa-ke, yathathelwa indawo yi-GB 7247.1-2012(I-ChineseStandard) (Ikhodi yaseShayina) (I-OpenSTD).
GB18151-2000
I-GB18151-2000, eyaziwa ngokuthi "ama-Laser guards," yayigxile ezinhlokweni nasezidingweni zezikrini zokuvikela i-laser ezisetshenziswa ekuvaleni izindawo zokusebenza zemishini yokucubungula i-laser. Lezi zinyathelo zokuvikela zazihlanganisa izixazululo zesikhathi eside nezesikhashana ezifana namakhethini e-laser nezindonga ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Indinganiso, eyakhishwa ngoJulayi 2, 2000, futhi yasetshenziswa ngoJanuwari 2, 2001, kamuva yathathelwa indawo yi-GB/T 18151-2008. Yasebenza ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zezikrini zokuvikela, kufaka phakathi izikrini namafasitela abonakala ngokubonakalayo, okuhloswe ukuhlola nokwenza kube sezingeni elifanele izakhiwo zokuvikela zalezi zikrini (Ikhodi yaseShayina)(I-OpenSTD)(I-Antpedia).
GB18217-2000
I-GB18217-2000, enesihloko esithi "Izimpawu zokuphepha ze-Laser," yasungula iziqondiso zezimo eziyisisekelo, izimpawu, imibala, ubukhulu, umbhalo ochazayo, kanye nezindlela zokusebenzisa izimpawu ezenzelwe ukuvikela abantu ekulimaleni kwemisebe ye-laser. Yayisebenza emikhiqizweni ye-laser nasezindaweni lapho kukhiqizwa khona, kusetshenziswa, futhi kugcinwa khona imikhiqizo ye-laser. Le nqubo yaqala ukusebenza ngoJuni 1, 2001, kodwa kusukela lapho yathathelwa indawo yi-GB 2894-2008, "Izimpawu zokuphepha kanye nesiqondiso sokusetshenziswa," kusukela ngo-Okthoba 1, 2009(Ikhodi yaseShayina)(I-OpenSTD)(I-Antpedia).
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwe-Laser Okuyingozi
Ama-laser ahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ekulimaleni kwawo okungaba khona emehlweni nasesikhumbeni somuntu. Ama-laser anamandla amakhulu ezimboni akhipha imisebe engabonakali (kufaka phakathi ama-laser e-semiconductor nama-laser e-CO2) adala izingozi ezinkulu. Izindinganiso zokuphepha zihlukanisa zonke izinhlelo ze-laser, kanyei-fiber laserimiphumela evame ukukalwa njengeSigaba sesi-4, okubonisa izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lengozi. Kokuqukethwe okulandelayo, sizoxoxa ngezigaba zokuphepha kwe-laser kusukela kuSigaba soku-1 kuya kuSigaba sesi-4.
Umkhiqizo We-Laser Wekilasi 1
I-laser ye-Class 1 ibhekwa njengephephile ukuthi wonke umuntu ayisebenzise futhi ayibheke ezimweni ezijwayelekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngeke ulimale ngokubuka i-laser enjalo ngqo noma ngamathuluzi okukhulisa avamile njenge-telescopes noma ama-microscopes. Izindinganiso zokuphepha zihlola lokhu ngokusebenzisa imithetho ethile mayelana nokuthi indawo yokukhanya kwe-laser inkulu kangakanani nokuthi kufanele ube kude kangakanani ukuze uyibuke ngokuphephile. Kodwa, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi amanye ama-laser e-Class 1 angase abe yingozi uma uwabuka ngezibuko zokukhulisa ezinamandla kakhulu ngoba angaqoqa ukukhanya kwe-laser okuningi kunokujwayelekile. Ngezinye izikhathi, imikhiqizo efana nezidlali ze-CD noma ze-DVD imakwe njenge-Class 1 ngoba ine-laser enamandla ngaphakathi, kodwa yenziwe ngendlela yokuthi akukho ukukhanya okulimazayo okungaphuma ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa okuvamile.
I-Laser Yethu Yekilasi 1:I-Erbium Doped Glass Laser, Imojuli ye-L1535 Rangefinder
Umkhiqizo we-Laser we-Class 1M
I-laser ye-Class 1M ngokuvamile iphephile futhi ngeke ilimaze amehlo akho uma isetshenziswa ngendlela evamile, okusho ukuthi ungayisebenzisa ngaphandle kokuvikelwa okukhethekile. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuyashintsha uma usebenzisa amathuluzi anjenge-microscopes noma ama-telescopes ukuze ubheke i-laser. Lawa mathuluzi angagxila umsebe we-laser futhi awenze ube namandla kunalokho okubhekwa njengokuphephile. Ama-laser e-Class 1M anemisebe ebanzi kakhulu noma esakazeke. Ngokuvamile, ukukhanya okuvela kula ma-laser akudluli amazinga aphephile uma kungena ngqo esweni lakho. Kodwa uma usebenzisa ama-optics okukhulisa, angaqoqa ukukhanya okwengeziwe esweni lakho, okungase kudale ingozi. Ngakho-ke, ngenkathi ukukhanya okuqondile kwe-laser ye-Class 1M kuphephile, ukuyisebenzisa ngama-optics athile kungenza kube yingozi, njenge-laser ye-Class 3B enengozi ephezulu.
Umkhiqizo We-Laser Wekilasi 2
I-laser ye-Class 2 iphephile ukusetshenziswa ngoba isebenza ngendlela yokuthi uma umuntu ebheka ngephutha i-laser, ukusabela kwakhe kwemvelo kokucwayiza noma ukubheka kude nezibani ezikhanyayo kuzomvikela. Le ndlela yokuvikela isebenza ekuvezweni kuze kube yimizuzwana engu-0.25. Lawa ma-laser akwi-spectrum ebonakalayo kuphela, ephakathi kwama-nanometer angu-400 no-700 ubude be-wavelength. Anemikhawulo yamandla engu-1 milliwatt (mW) uma ekhipha ukukhanya njalo. Angaba namandla kakhulu uma ekhipha ukukhanya isikhathi esingaphansi kwemizuzwana engu-0.25 ngesikhathi noma uma ukukhanya kwawo kungagxilile. Kodwa-ke, ukugwema ngamabomu ukucwayiza noma ukubheka kude ne-laser kungabangela ukulimala kwamehlo. Amathuluzi afana nezinye izinkomba ze-laser namadivayisi okulinganisa ibanga asebenzisa ama-laser e-Class 2.
Umkhiqizo we-Laser we-Class 2M
I-laser ye-Class 2M ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengephephile emehlweni akho ngenxa ye-blink reflex yakho yemvelo, okukusiza ukuthi ugweme ukubuka izibani ezikhanyayo isikhathi eside kakhulu. Lolu hlobo lwe-laser, olufana ne-Class 1M, lukhipha ukukhanya okubanzi kakhulu noma okusabalala ngokushesha, kunciphise inani lokukhanya kwe-laser okungena esweni ngomfundi kuya emazingeni aphephile, ngokwezindinganiso ze-Class 2. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuphepheka kusebenza kuphela uma ungasebenzisi noma yimaphi amadivayisi optical njengezibuko zokukhulisa noma ama-telescopes ukuze ubuke i-laser. Uma usebenzisa amathuluzi anjalo, angagxila ukukhanya kwe-laser futhi angandisa ingozi emehlweni akho.
Umkhiqizo we-Laser we-Class 3R
I-laser ye-Class 3R idinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela ngoba nakuba iphephile, ukubheka ngqo emsebeni kungaba yingozi. Lolu hlobo lwe-laser lungakhipha ukukhanya okuningi kunalokho okubhekwa njengokuphephile ngokuphelele, kodwa amathuba okulimala asabhekwa njengaphansi uma uqaphile. Kuma-laser ongawabona (ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo), ama-laser e-Class 3R anqunyelwe ekukhishweni kwamandla okuphezulu okungu-5 milliwatts (mW). Kunemikhawulo ehlukene yokuphepha yama-laser amanye ama-wavelength kanye nama-laser ashukunyisiwe, okungase kuvumele ukuphuma okuphezulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Isihluthulelo sokusebenzisa i-laser ye-Class 3R ngokuphephile ukugwema ukubuka umsebe ngqo nokulandela noma yimiphi imiyalelo yokuphepha enikeziwe.
Umkhiqizo we-Laser we-Class 3B
I-laser ye-Class 3B ingaba yingozi uma ishaya iso ngqo, kodwa uma ukukhanya kwe-laser kugxuma ezindaweni ezimahhadla njengephepha, akulona ingozi. Kuma-laser aqhubekayo asebenza ebangeni elithile (kusukela kuma-nanometer angu-315 kuya ku-infrared ekude), amandla aphezulu avunyelwe yisigamu se-watt (0.5 W). Kuma-laser avula futhi acime ebangeni lokukhanya okubonakalayo (ama-nanometer angu-400 kuya ku-700), akufanele adlule ama-millijoule angu-30 (mJ) nge-pulse ngayinye. Kunemithetho ehlukene yama-laser ezinye izinhlobo kanye nama-pulse amafushane kakhulu. Uma usebenzisa i-laser ye-Class 3B, ngokuvamile udinga ukugqoka izibuko zokuzivikela ukuze ugcine amehlo akho ephephile. La ma-laser nawo kufanele abe ne-key switch kanye ne-safety lock ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa ngengozi. Ngisho noma ama-laser e-Class 3B etholakala kumadivayisi afana nababhali be-CD ne-DVD, la madivayisi abhekwa njenge-Class 1 ngoba i-laser ingaphakathi futhi ayikwazi ukuphuma.
Umkhiqizo we-Laser wekilasi lesi-4
Ama-laser e-Class 4 anamandla kakhulu futhi ayingozi kakhulu. Anamandla kune-laser ye-Class 3B futhi angabangela umonakalo omkhulu njengokushisa kwesikhumba noma ukulimaza iso unomphela ngenxa yokuchayeka emsebeni, kungaba ngokuqondile, okukhanyayo, noma okuhlakazekile. Lawa ma-laser angaqala ngisho nomlilo uma eshaya into evuthayo. Ngenxa yalezi zingozi, ama-laser e-Class 4 adinga izici zokuphepha eziqinile, okuhlanganisa inkinobho yokhiye kanye nokukhiya kokuphepha. Avame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zezimboni, zesayensi, ezempi, kanye nezokwelapha. Kuma-laser ezokwelapha, kubalulekile ukuqaphela amabanga okuphepha nezindawo ukuze kugwenywe izingozi zamehlo. Kudingeka izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokuqapha ukuphatha nokulawula umsebe ukuze kuvinjelwe izingozi.
Isibonelo Selebula Se-Pulsed Fiber Laser Evela Ku-LumiSpot
Indlela yokuzivikela ezingozini ze-laser
Nansi incazelo elula yokuthi ungayivikela kanjani kahle ezingozini ze-laser, ehlelwe ngezindima ezahlukene:
Kwabakhiqizi be-Laser:
Akufanele banikeze nje kuphela amadivayisi e-laser (njengezicucu ze-laser, abashiseli abaphathwayo, kanye nemishini yokumaka) kodwa futhi nezinto zokuphepha ezibalulekile njengezibuko, izimpawu zokuphepha, imiyalelo yokusebenzisa ngokuphephile, kanye nezinto zokuqeqesha ngokuphepha. Kuyingxenye yesibopho sabo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzisi baphephile futhi banolwazi.
Kwabahlanganisi:
Izindawo Zokuvikela kanye Namagumbi Okuphepha Nge-Laser: Yonke idivayisi ye-laser kumele ibe nezindawo zokuvikela ukuvimbela abantu ukuthi bangavezwa emisebeni ye-laser eyingozi.
Izithiyo Nezikhiye Zokuphepha: Amadivayisi kumele abe nezithiyo kanye nezikhiye zokuphepha ukuze avimbele ukuchayeka emazingeni e-laser ayingozi.
Abalawuli Ababalulekile: Izinhlelo ezihlukaniswe njenge-Class 3B kanye ne-4 kufanele zibe nabalawuli ababalulekile ukuze banciphise ukufinyelela kanye nokusetshenziswa, baqinisekise ukuphepha.
Kubasebenzisi Bokugcina:
Ukuphathwa: Ama-laser kufanele asetshenziswe ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe kuphela. Abasebenzi abangaqeqeshiwe akufanele bawasebenzise.
Amaswishi Okhiye: Faka amaswishi okhiye kumadivayisi e-laser ukuqinisekisa ukuthi angasetshenziswa kuphela ngokhiye, okwandisa ukuphepha.
Ukukhanyisa Nokubekwa: Qinisekisa ukuthi amakamelo ane-laser anokukhanya okukhanyayo nokuthi ama-laser abekwe ezindaweni eziphakeme nasema-engeli agwema ukubonakala emehlweni ngqo.
Ukuqapha Kwezokwelapha:
Izisebenzi ezisebenzisa ama-laser e-Class 3B kanye ne-4 kufanele zihlolwe njalo ngezokwelapha ngabasebenzi abafanelekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwazo.
Ukuphepha Kwe-LaserUkuqeqeshwa:
Abasebenzi kufanele baqeqeshwe ngokusebenza kohlelo lwe-laser, ukuvikelwa komuntu siqu, izinqubo zokulawula izingozi, ukusetshenziswa kwezimpawu zokuxwayisa, ukubika izingozi, kanye nokuqonda imiphumela yezinto eziphilayo ye-laser emehlweni nasesikhumbeni.
Izindlela Zokulawula:
Lawula ngokuqinile ukusetshenziswa kwama-laser, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho abantu bekhona khona, ukuze ugweme ukuchayeka ngengozi, ikakhulukazi emehlweni.
Xwayisa abantu endaweni ngaphambi kokusebenzisa ama-laser anamandla amakhulu futhi uqinisekise ukuthi wonke umuntu ugqoka izibuko zokuzivikela.
Beka izimpawu zesixwayiso ezindaweni zokusebenza ze-laser nasezindaweni ezizungezile ukuze ubonise ukuthi kukhona izingozi ze-laser.
Izindawo Ezilawulwa Nge-Laser:
Nciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-laser ezindaweni ezithile ezilawulwayo.
Sebenzisa onogada beminyango kanye nezikhiye zokuphepha ukuze uvimbele ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe, uqinisekise ukuthi ama-laser ayayeka ukusebenza uma iminyango ivulwa ngokungazelelwe.
Gwema izindawo ezikhanyayo eduze kwama-laser ukuze uvimbele ukubonakaliswa kwemisebe okungalimaza abantu.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwezixwayiso Nezimpawu Zokuphepha:
Beka izimpawu zokuxwayisa kumaphaneli angaphandle kanye nawalawulayo emishini ye-laser ukuze ubonise ngokucacile izingozi ezingaba khona.
Amalebula OkuphephaNgemikhiqizo ye-Laser:
1. Wonke amadivayisi e-laser kumele abe namalebula okuphepha abonisa izixwayiso, ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebe, kanye nokuthi imisebe iphuma kuphi.
2. Amalebula kufanele abekwe lapho abonakala khona kalula ngaphandle kokuvezwa emisebeni ye-laser.
Gqoka Izibuko Zokuphepha Ze-Laser Ukuze Uvikele Amehlo Akho Ku-Laser
Imishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu (i-PPE) yokuphepha nge-laser isetshenziswa njengesixazululo sokugcina lapho ubunjiniyela kanye nezilawuli zokuphatha zingakwazi ukunciphisa izingozi ngokugcwele. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izibuko zokuphepha nge-laser kanye nezingubo:
Izibuko Zokuphepha Ze-Laser zivikela amehlo akho ngokunciphisa imisebe ye-laser. Kumelwe zihlangabezane nezimfuneko eziqinile:
⚫Kuqinisekiswe futhi kufakwe ilebula ngokwezindinganiso zikazwelonke.
⚫Kufanele uhlobo lwe-laser, ubude be-wavelength, imodi yokusebenza (eqhubekayo noma eqhutshwa yi-pulse), kanye nezilungiselelo zamandla.
⚫Kuphawulwe ngokucacile ukusiza ekukhetheni izibuko ezifanele ze-laser ethile.
⚫Uhlaka kanye nezihlangu eziseceleni kufanele futhi zinikeze isivikelo.
Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa uhlobo olufanele lwezibuko zokuphepha ukuze uvikeleke ku-laser ethile osebenza ngayo, uma ucabangela izici zayo kanye nendawo okuyo.
Ngemva kokusebenzisa izindlela zokuphepha, uma amehlo akho engase abonakale emisebeni ye-laser ngaphezu kwemingcele ephephile, udinga ukusebenzisa izibuko zokuzivikela ezihambisana nobude be-laser futhi ezinobukhulu obufanele bokukhanya ukuze zivikele amehlo akho.
Ungathembeli kuphela ezibukweni zokuphepha; ungalokothi ubheke ngqo emsebeni we-laser ngisho noma uzigqokile.
Ukukhetha Izingubo Zokuvikela Nge-Laser:
Nikeza izingubo zokuzivikela ezifanele kubasebenzi abachayeke emisebeni engaphezu kwezinga le-Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) lesikhumba; lokhu kusiza ekunciphiseni ukuvezwa kwesikhumba.
Izingubo kufanele zenziwe ngezinto ezingashi futhi ezingashisi.
Hlosa ukumboza isikhumba esiningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngezingubo zokuzivikela.
Indlela Yokuvikela Isikhumba Sakho Ekulimaleni Kwe-Laser:
Gqoka izingubo zomsebenzi ezinemikhono emide ezenziwe ngezinto ezigcina ilangabi.
Ezindaweni ezilawulwa ukusetshenziswa nge-laser, faka amakhethini namaphaneli okuvimba ukukhanya enziwe ngezinto ezivimbela ilangabi ezimbozwe ngezinto ze-silicon ezimnyama noma eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuze zimunce imisebe ye-UV futhi zivimbele ukukhanya kwe-infrared, ngaleyo ndlela zivikele isikhumba emisebeni ye-laser.
Kubalulekile ukukhetha imishini yokuzivikela yomuntu siqu (i-PPE) efanele bese uyisebenzisa ngendlela efanele ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha lapho usebenza nama-laser noma eduze kwawo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqonda izingozi ezithile ezihlobene nezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-laser kanye nokuqonda.izinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile zokuvikela amehlo nesikhumba ekulimaleni okungenzeka.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-08-2024