Bhalisela Imidiya Yethu Yezokuxhumana Ukuze Uthumele Ngokushesha
Emhlabeni osheshayo wentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ukusetshenziswa kwama-lasers kuye kwakhula kakhulu, kwashintsha izimboni ngezinhlelo ezifana nokusika i-laser, ukushisela, ukumaka, nokuhlanganisa.Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwanda kwembule igebe elibalulekile ekuqwashiseni nasekuqeqesheni ukuphepha phakathi konjiniyela nabasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe, okuveza izisebenzi eziningi ezingaphambili emisebeni ye-laser ngaphandle kokuqonda izingozi ezingaba khona.Le ndatshana ihlose ukucacisa ngokubaluleka kokuqeqeshwa kokuphepha kwe-laser, imiphumela yebhayoloji yokuchayeka kwe-laser, kanye nezinyathelo zokuvikela ezibanzi zokuvikela labo abasebenza ngobuchwepheshe be-laser noma eduze nabo.
Isidingo Esibalulekile Sokuqeqeshwa Kwezokuphepha Nge-Laser
Ukuqeqeshwa kokuphepha kwe-laser kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphepheni kokusebenza nokusebenza kahle kwe-laser welding nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifanayo.Ukukhanya okuphezulu kakhulu, ukushisa, namagesi angaba yingozi akhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-laser kubangela ubungozi bezempilo kubasebenzisi.Ukuqeqeshwa kokuphepha kufundisa onjiniyela nabasebenzi ngokusetshenziswa okufanele kwezinto zokuzivikela (i-PPE), njengezibuko ezivikelayo nezihlangu zobuso, namasu okugwema ukuchayeka nge-laser eqondile noma engaqondile, okuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa okusebenzayo kwamehlo nesikhumba sabo.
Ukuqonda Izingozi zama-Lasers
Imiphumela ye-Biological of Lasers
Ama-Lasers angabangela ukulimala okukhulu kwesikhumba, okudinga ukuvikelwa kwesikhumba.Nokho, ukukhathazeka okuyinhloko kusekulimaleni kwamehlo.Ukuchayeka kwe-Laser kungaholela emiphumeleni eshisayo, ye-acoustic, ne-photochemical:
Okushisayo:Ukukhiqizwa kokushisa kanye nokumunca kungabangela ukusha esikhumbeni nasemehlweni.
I-Acoustic: Ama-shockwaves emishini angaholela ekuhwameni kwendawo kanye nokulimala kwezicubu.
I-Photochemical: Ubude obuthile obungamaza bungabangela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, okungase kubangele ulwelwesi lwamaza, ukusha kwe-cornea noma i-retina, futhi kwandise ingozi yomdlavuza wesikhumba.
Imiphumela yesikhumba ingasukela ebubomvu obuncane kanye nobuhlungu kuye ekushiseni kwedigri lesithathu, kuye ngesigaba se-laser, ubude bokushaya kwenhliziyo, izinga lokuphindaphinda, nobude begagasi.
| Ububanzi be-Wavelength | Umphumela we-Pathological |
| 180-315nm (UV-B, UV-C) | I-Photokeratitis ifana nokushiswa yilanga, kodwa kwenzeka ekhoneni leso. |
| 315-400nm(UV-A) | I-Photochemical cataract (i-clouding ye-lens yamehlo) |
| 400-780nm (Kuyabonakala) | Ukulimala kwe-photochemical ku-retina, owaziwa nangokuthi ukushiswa kwe-retinal, kwenzeka lapho i-retina ilimala ngokuchayeka ekukhanyeni. |
| 780-1400nm (Near-IR) | I-cataract, ukusha kwe-retinal |
| 1.4-3.0μm(IR) | I-aqueous flare (amaprotheni ku-aqueous humour), i-cataract, ukushisa kwe-cornea I-aqueous flare yilapho amaprotheni ebonakala ehlaya elimanzi leso.I-cataract wukufiphala kwelensi yeso, kanti ukusha kwe-cornea kuwukulimala kwe-cornea, indawo engaphambili yeso. |
| 3.0μm-1 mm | Ukushiswa kwamakhoya |
Ukulimala kwamehlo, okukhathaza kakhulu, kuyahlukahluka kuye ngobukhulu bomfundi, umbala wombala, ubude bokushaya kwenhliziyo, nobude begagasi.Amaza amaza ahlukene angena ezingqimbeni zamehlo ezihlukahlukene, abangele ukulimala ku-cornea, ilensi, noma i-retina.Ikhono lokugxilisa iso linyusa kakhulu ukuminyana kwamandla ku-retina, okwenza ukuchayeka kwethamo eliphansi ngokwanele ukuze kubangele ukulimala okukhulu kwe-retina, okuholela ekwehleni kwamehlo noma ukungaboni.
Izingozi Zesikhumba
Ukuchayeka nge-laser esikhumbeni kungabangela ukusha, ukuqubuka, amabhamuza, nokushintsha kombala, okungase kucekele phansi izicubu ezingaphansi kwesikhumba.Amaza amaza ahlukene angena ekujuleni okuhlukahlukene esicutshini sesikhumba.
I-Laser Safety Standard
I-GB72471.1-2001
I-GB7247.1-2001, enesihloko esithi "Ukuphepha kwemikhiqizo ye-laser--Ingxenye 1: Ukuhlukaniswa kwezisetshenziswa, izimfuneko, nomhlahlandlela wabasebenzisi," ibeka imithethonqubo yokuhlukaniswa kokuphepha, izidingo, kanye nesiqondiso kubasebenzisi mayelana nemikhiqizo ye-laser.Leli zinga laqalwa ngoMeyi 1, 2002, kuhloswe ngalo ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha emikhakheni ehlukahlukene lapho kusetshenziswa khona imikhiqizo ye-laser, njengezimboni, ezentengiselwano, ezokuzijabulisa, ezocwaningo, ezemfundo, nezokwelashwa.Kodwa-ke, yathathelwa indawo yi-GB 7247.1-2012(ChineseStandard) (Ikhodi yaseChina) (I-OpenSTD).
I-GB18151-2000
I-GB18151-2000, eyaziwa ngokuthi "Onogada be-Laser," yayigxile ekucacisweni nasezimfuneko zezikrini ezivikela i-laser ezisetshenziswa ekuvaleni izindawo zokusebenza zemishini yokucubungula i-laser.Lezi zinyathelo zokuvikela zazihlanganisa kokubili izixazululo zesikhathi eside nezesikhashana njengamakhethini e-laser nezindonga ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha phakathi nokusebenza.Izinga, elakhishwa ngoJulayi 2, 2000, futhi lasetshenziswa ngoJanuwari 2, 2001, kamuva lathathelwa indawo yi-GB/T 18151-2008.Isebenza ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zezikrini zokuzivikela, okuhlanganisa izikrini ezibonakala ngale namafasitela, okuhloswe ngayo ukuhlola nokulinganisa izakhiwo zokuvikela zalezi zikrini (Ikhodi yaseChina) (I-OpenSTD) (I-Antpedia)..
I-GB18217-2000
I-GB18217-2000, enesihloko esithi "Izimpawu zokuphepha ze-Laser," isungule imihlahlandlela yomumo oyisisekelo, izimpawu, imibala, ubukhulu, umbhalo ochazayo, nezindlela zokusebenzisa zezimpawu eziklanyelwe ukuvikela abantu ekulimaleni kwemisebe ye-laser.Yayisebenza emikhiqizweni ye-laser nasezindaweni lapho kukhiqizwa khona, kusetshenziswe futhi kugcinwe imikhiqizo ye-laser.Leli zinga lasetshenziswa ngoJuni 1, 2001, kodwa kusukela lapho selithathelwe indawo yi-GB 2894-2008, "Izimpawu Zokuphepha Nomhlahlandlela Wokusetshenziswa," kusukela ngo-Okthoba 1, 2009(Ikhodi yaseChina) (I-OpenSTD) (I-Antpedia)..
Izigaba Eziyingozi Ze-Lasers
Ama-Lasers ahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ekulimaleni kwawo okungaba khona emehlweni abantu nasesikhumbeni.Amalaza anamandla ezimboni akhipha imisebe engabonakali (okuhlanganisa ama-lasemiconductor lasers namalaser CO2) adala ubungozi obubalulekile.Amazinga okuphepha ahlukanisa zonke izinhlelo ze-laser, ngei-fiber laserimiphumela evame ukukalwa njenge-Class 4, okubonisa izinga eliphezulu lengozi.Kokuqukethwe okulandelayo, sizoxoxa ngezigaba zokuphepha kwe-laser kusukela ku-Class 1 kuya ku-Class 4.
I-Class 1 Laser Product
Ilaser yeClass 1 ithathwa njengephephile ukuthi wonke umuntu ayisebenzise futhi ayibuke ezimeni ezijwayelekile.Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngeke ulimale ngokubuka i-laser enjalo ngokuqondile noma ngamathuluzi okukhulisa avamile afana namabonakude noma ama-microscopes.Izindinganiso zokuphepha zihlola lokhu ngokusebenzisa imithetho ethile mayelana nokuthi inkulu kangakanani indawo yokukhanya kwelaser nokuthi kufanele ube kude kangakanani ukuze uyibuke ngokuphepha.Kodwa, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi amanye amalaser e-Class 1 asengaba yingozi uma uwabuka ngezingilazi ezikhulisayo ezinamandla kakhulu ngoba zingaqoqa ukukhanya kwe-laser okwengeziwe kunokujwayelekile.Kwesinye isikhathi, imikhiqizo efana nezidlali ze-CD noma ze-DVD imakwa njenge-Class 1 ngenxa yokuthi ine-laser enamandla ngaphakathi, kodwa yenziwe ngendlela yokuthi kungabikho ukukhanya okuyingozi okungaphuma ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa njalo.
I-Laser yethu ye-Class 1:I-Erbium Doped Glass Laser, I-L1535 Rangefinder Module
I-Class 1M Laser Product
Ilaser yeClass 1M ngokuvamile iphephile futhi ngeke ilimaze amehlo akho ngaphansi kokusetshenziswa okujwayelekile, okusho ukuthi ungayisebenzisa ngaphandle kokuvikela okukhethekile.Nokho, lokhu kuyashintsha uma usebenzisa amathuluzi afana nezibonakhulu noma izibonakude ukuze ubuke i-laser.Lawa mathuluzi angagxilisa i-laser beam futhi ayenze ibe namandla kunalokho okubhekwa njengokuphephile.Amalaser ekilasi 1M anemishayo ebanzi kakhulu noma esabalele.Ngokuvamile, ukukhanya okuvela kulawa ma-laser akudluli amazinga aphephile uma kungena esweni lakho ngokuqondile.Kodwa uma usebenzisa i-magnifying optics, ingaqoqa ukukhanya okwengeziwe esweni lakho, okungadala ingozi.Ngakho-ke, nakuba ukukhanya okuqondile kwelaser ye-Class 1M kuphephile, ukuyisebenzisa ngezimboni ezithile kungase kuyenze ibe yingozi, efana namalaser anobungozi obukhulu be-Class 3B.
I-Class 2 Laser Product
Ilaser Yekilasi 2 iphephile ukuthi ingasetshenziswa ngoba isebenza ngendlela yokuthi uma othile ebheka i-laser ngephutha, ukusabela kwakhe okungokwemvelo kokucwayiza noma ukubheka kude nezibani ezikhanyayo kuzomvikela.Le ndlela yokuvikela isebenzela ukuchayeka kufika kumasekhondi angu-0.25.Lawa ma-laser aku-spectrum ebonakalayo kuphela, ephakathi kwama-nanometers angu-400 no-700 ngobude begagasi.Zinomkhawulo wamandla ongu-1 milliwatt (mW) uma zikhipha ukukhanya ngokuqhubekayo.Angaba namandla kakhulu uma ekhipha ukukhanya ngaphansi kwamasekhondi angu-0.25 ngesikhathi noma uma ukukhanya kwawo kungagxilile.Nokho, ukugwema ngamabomu ukucwayiza noma ukubheka kude ne-laser kungaholela ekulimaleni kwamehlo.Amathuluzi afana nezinye izikhombi ze-laser namadivayisi wokulinganisa amabanga asebenzisa ama-lasers e-Class 2.
I-Class 2M Laser Product
Ilaser yeClass 2M ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengephephile emehlweni akho ngenxa ye-blink reflex yakho yemvelo, ekusiza ukuthi ugweme ukubuka izibani ezikhanyayo isikhathi eside kakhulu.Lolu hlobo lwe-laser, olufana ne-Class 1M, lukhipha ukukhanya okungenzeka okubanzi kakhulu noma okusakazeka ngokushesha, okukhawulela inani lokukhanya kwe-laser okungena esweni ngomfundi kuya kumazinga aphephile, ngokuya ngezindinganiso ze-Class 2.Nokho, lokhu kuphepha kusebenza kuphela uma ungasebenzisi noma yimaphi amadivaysi okubona njengezibuko zokukhulisa noma izibonakude ukuze ubuke i-laser.Uma usebenzisa amathuluzi anjalo, angagxilisa ukukhanya kwe-laser futhi akhulise ubungozi emehlweni akho.
I-Class 3R Laser Product
Ilaser Yekilasi 3R idinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela ngoba yize iphephile, ukubheka ngqo kugongolo kungaba yingozi.Lolu hlobo lwe-laser lungakhipha ukukhanya okuningi kunalokho okubhekwa njengokuphephile ngokuphelele, kodwa ithuba lokulimala lisabhekwa liphansi uma uqaphile.Kuma-laser ongawabona (ku-spectrum yokukhanya ebonakalayo), amalaser Ekilasi 3R akhawulelwe ekuphumeni kwamandla okukhulu kwama-milliwatts ama-5 (mW).Kunemikhawulo ehlukene yokuphepha yama-lasers amanye ama-wavelengths kanye nama-laser ashaywayo, angavumela ukuphuma okuphezulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.Ukhiye wokusebenzisa i-laser Yekilasi 3R ngokuphephile ukugwema ukubuka ngokuqondile ugongolo kanye nokulandela noma yimiphi imiyalelo yokuphepha enikeziwe.
I-Class 3B Laser Product
Ilaser Yekilasi 3B ingaba yingozi uma ishaya ngqo esweni, kodwa uma isibani se-laser sibhampa ezindaweni ezimahhadla njengephepha, ayilimazi.Kuma-laser e-beam aqhubekayo asebenza ebangeni elithile (kusuka ku-315 nanometers ukuya ku-infrared ekude), amandla aphezulu avunyelwe nguhhafu we-watt (0.5 W).Kuma-laser ashaya futhi avale ebangeni lokukhanya elibonakalayo (400 kuya ku-700 nanometers), akufanele eqe ama-millijoules angu-30 (mJ) ngakunye.Kukhona imithetho ehlukene yama-lasers ezinye izinhlobo kanye nama-pulses amafushane kakhulu.Uma usebenzisa i-laser ye-Class 3B, ngokuvamile kudingeka ugqoke izibuko zokuvikela ukuze ugcine amehlo akho ephephile.Lawa ma-laser kufanele futhi abe neswishi yokhiye kanye nelokhi yokuphepha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusetshenziswa ngengozi.Noma amalaser Ekilasi 3B atholakala kumadivayisi afana nababhali be-CD nama-DVD, lezi zixhobo zibhekwa njengeSikilasi 1 ngoba i-laser iqukethwe ngaphakathi futhi ayikwazi ukubaleka.
I-Class 4 Laser Product
Amalaser ekilasi lesi-4 awuhlobo olunamandla futhi oluyingozi kakhulu.Anamandla kunama-laser Ekilasi 3B futhi angabangela ukulimala okubi njengokushiswa kwesikhumba noma abangele ukulimala kwamehlo unomphela kusukela kunoma yikuphi ukuchayeka egodini, noma ngabe kuqondile, kubonisiwe, noma kuhlakazekile.Lawa ma-laser angakwazi nokuqala umlilo uma eshaya into evuthayo.Ngenxa yalezi zingozi, amalaser eSigaba 4 adinga izici zokuphepha eziqinile, ezihlanganisa ukushintshwa kokhiye kanye nokhiye wokuphepha.Asetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni zezimboni, ezesayensi, ezempi, nezokwelapha.Kuma-laser ezokwelapha, kubalulekile ukuqaphela amabanga okuphepha nezindawo ukuze ugweme izingozi zamehlo.Kudingeka izinyathelo zokuphepha ezengeziwe ukuze ulawule futhi ulawule uhlaka ukuze kuvinjelwe izingozi.
Ilebula Isibonelo Se-Pulsed Fiber Laser From LumiSpot
Ungazivikela kanjani ezingozini ze-laser
Nansi incazelo elula yokuthi ungazivikela kanjani ngokufanelekile ezingozini ze-laser, ezihlelwa izindima ezihlukene:
Kwabakhiqizi beLaser:
Akufanele banikeze nje imishini ye-laser (njengama-laser cutter, amashisela aphathwayo, nemishini yokumaka) kodwa futhi nemishini yokuphepha ebalulekile njengezibuko, izimpawu zokuphepha, imiyalelo yokusetshenziswa ngokuphepha, nezinto zokuqeqesha zokuphepha.Kuyingxenye yesibopho sabo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi abasebenzisi baphephile futhi banolwazi.
Okwezihlanganisi:
Izindlu Zokuzivikela kanye Namagumbi Okuphepha Nge-laser: Zonke izisetshenziswa ze-laser kufanele zibe nezindlu ezivikelayo ukuze kuvinjelwe abantu ukuba bachayeke emisebeni ye-laser eyingozi.
Izithiyo Nokuphepha Kwama-Interlock: Amadivayisi kufanele abe nezithiyo kanye nezixhumi zokuphepha ukuze avimbele ukuchayeka emazingeni e-laser ayingozi.
Izilawuli Ezibalulekile: Amasistimu ahlukaniswe njenge-Class 3B no-4 kufanele abe nezilawuli ezibalulekile ukuze akhawulele ukufinyelela nokusebenzisa, aqinisekise ukuphepha.
Kubasebenzisi bokugcina:
Ukuphatha: Ama-Lasers kufanele asetshenziswe ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe kuphela.Abasebenzi abangaqeqeshiwe akufanele bawasebenzise.
Ukushintsha Okubalulekile: Faka amaswishi okhiye kumadivayisi e-laser ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi angenziwa asebenze kuphela ngokhiye, okwandisa ukuphepha.
Ukukhanyisa Nokubekwa: Qinisekisa ukuthi amagumbi anama-laser anokukhanya okukhanyayo nokuthi amalaser abekwe ezindaweni eziphakeme nama-engeli agwema ukuchayeka kwamehlo okuqondile.
Ukugadwa kwezokwelashwa:
Abasebenzi abasebenzisa i-laser ye-Class 3B kanye ne-4 kufanele bahlolwe njalo ngokwelashwa ngabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe ukuze baqinisekise ukuphepha kwabo.
Ukuphepha kwe-LaserUkuqeqesha:
Ama-opharetha kufanele aqeqeshelwe ukusebenza kwesistimu ye-laser, ukuvikela komuntu siqu, izinqubo zokulawula izingozi, ukusetshenziswa kwezimpawu eziyisixwayiso, ukubika isigameko, kanye nokuqonda imiphumela yebhayoloji yama-laser emehlweni nasesikhumbeni.
Izinyathelo zokulawula:
Lawula ngokuqinile ukusetshenziswa kwama-laser, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho abantu bekhona, ukugwema ukuchayeka ngengozi, ikakhulukazi emehlweni.
Xwayisa abantu endaweni ngaphambi kokusebenzisa amalaser anamandla amakhulu futhi uqinisekise ukuthi wonke umuntu ugqoka izingubo zamehlo ezivikelayo.
Thumela izimpawu eziyisixwayiso ezindaweni eziseduze nasezindaweni zokusebenza ze-laser nezintuba ukukhombisa ukuba khona kwezingozi ze-laser.
Izindawo ezilawulwa yi-Laser:
Khawulela ukusetshenziswa kwe-laser ezindaweni ezithile, ezilawulwayo.
Sebenzisa onogada beminyango nezingidi zokuphepha ukuze uvimbele ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe, uqinisekise ukuthi amalaser ayayeka ukusebenza uma iminyango ivulwa ngokungalindelekile.
Gwema izindawo ezikhanyayo eduze kwama-laser ukuze uvimbele ukubonakaliswa kwe-beam okungalimaza abantu.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwezixwayiso Nezimpawu Zokuphepha:
Beka izimpawu eziyisixwayiso ngaphandle kanye namaphaneli okulawula emishini ye-laser ukukhombisa izingozi ezingaba khona ngokucacile.
Amalebula OkuphephaNgemikhiqizo ye-Laser:
1. Zonke izinto ezisetshenziswa nge-laser kufanele zibe namalebula okuphepha abonisa izexwayiso, izigaba zemisebe, nalapho imisebe iphuma khona.
2.Amalebula kufanele abekwe lapho abonakala khona kalula ngaphandle kokuchayeka emisebeni ye-laser.
Gqoka Izibuko Zokuphepha Ze-Laser ukuze Uvikele Amehlo Akho Ku-Laser
Izinto zokuzivikela zomuntu siqu (i-PPE) zokuphepha kwe-laser zisetshenziswa njengendlela yokugcina lapho ubunjiniyela nokulawula ukulawula kungakwazi ukunciphisa ngokugcwele izingozi.Lokhu kuhlanganisa izibuko zokuphepha ze-laser nezingubo:
Izibuko Zokuphepha Ze-Laser zivikela amehlo akho ngokunciphisa imisebe ye-laser.Kufanele bahlangabezane nezidingo eziqinile:
⚫Kugunyazwe futhi kufakwe ilebula ngokwamazinga kazwelonke.
⚫ Ifanele uhlobo lwe-laser, ubude begagasi, imodi yokusebenza (eqhubekayo noma eshaya ngamandla), nezilungiselelo zamandla.
⚫Imakwe ngokucacile ukusiza ukukhetha izibuko ezifanele zelaser ethile.
⚫Uhlaka kanye nezihlangu eziseceleni kufanele zinikeze isivikelo nazo.
Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa uhlobo olulungile lwezibuko zokuphepha ukuze uvikele i-laser ethile osebenza nayo, ucabangela izici zayo nendawo okuyo.
Ngemva kokufaka izinyathelo zokuphepha, uma amehlo akho besengachayeka emisebeni ye-laser engaphezu kwemingcele ephephile, udinga ukusebenzisa izibuko ezivikelayo ezihambisana nobude begagasi be-laser futhi zibe nokuminyana kokubona okulungile ukuze uvikele amehlo akho.
Ungathembeli ezingilazini zokuphepha kuphela;ungalokothi ubheke ngqo ku-laser beam ngisho noma uwagqokile.
Ukukhetha Izingubo Zokuvikela I-Laser:
Nikeza izingubo ezifanele zokuzivikela kubasebenzi abachayeke emisebeni engaphezu kwezinga eliphezulu le-Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) esikhumbeni;lokhu kusiza ukunciphisa ukuchayeka kwesikhumba.
Izingubo kufanele zenziwe ngezinto ezikwazi ukumelana nomlilo nezingashisi.
Hlela ukuvala isikhumba esiningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngegiya lokuzivikela.
Ungasivikela Kanjani Isikhumba Sakho Ekulimaleni Kwe-Laser:
Gqoka izingubo zokusebenza ezinemikhono emide ezenziwe ngezinto ezibamba amalangabi.
Ezindaweni ezilawulwa ukuze kusetshenziswe i-laser, faka amakhethini namaphaneli avimbela ukukhanya enziwe ngezinto ezingabambezeli ilangabi ambozwe nge-silicon emnyama noma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuze amunce imisebe ye-UV futhi avimbe ukukhanya kwe-infrared, ngaleyo ndlela kuvikelwe isikhumba emisebeni ye-laser.
Kubalulekile ukukhetha okokusebenza okufanele kokuzivikela komuntu siqu (i-PPE) futhi uyisebenzise ngendlela efanele ukuze uqinisekise ukuphepha lapho usebenza ngama-laser noma eduze nawo.Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqonda izingozi ezithile ezihlobene nezinhlobo ezahlukene zamalaser kanye nokuthatha ukuqondaizinyathelo zokuphepha eziqinile zokuvikela kokubili amehlo nesikhumba ekulimaleni okungase kube khona.
Isiphetho kanye nesifinyezo
Umshwana wokuzihlangula:
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-08-2024